哥德堡群島(Göteborgs skärgård)的聯想

 

圖1: Hönö一隅 (photo by the author)

此文已先於Matters發表

因為某些私人因素，再加上疫情的緣故，整個博班生活在今年春天後進入一個奇怪的狀態 : 我必須到處尋找短租，不然就是得流浪投靠朋友或是沙發主。

在因緣際會之下，9月中的時候，我來到了瑞典第二大城哥德堡(Göteborg)。在我抵達的第一天，他就邀請我跟他以及他的朋友們，一起到哥德堡群島(Göteborgs skärgård)健行。哥德堡群島又分成南、北兩個部分，而我們當天是搭船到北哥德堡群島的Hönö，來展開這趟小旅行。

從港口步行到住宅區旁的「荒野」只有大概3公里不到; 沿途的風景，就是標準的恬靜臨海小鎮風光。

圖2: 前往健行區域的路上 (photo by the author)

進入健行的區域後，映入眼簾的便是瑞典西海岸著名的花崗岩岩岸地形。乍看之下，似乎是不怎麼崎嶇的地形。但事實上，在冰河經年累月的推擠之下，這裡的地貌超乎預期的破碎。整個區域盡是碎石以及大大小小的裂隙， 有些裂隙龐大到甚至可說是被峭壁圍繞的洞穴，而這些隙縫有時又被大量的植物給充滿。因此，儘管嚴格來說，這裡不能說是寸步難行之地，但各式各樣的障礙卻能使不熟悉的遊客，難以抵達眼中所欲求的目的地。

圖3: Hönö一隅 (photo by the author)

圖4: Hönö一隅 (photo by the author)

我們原本是打算走到海岸旁(有點類似圖4所顯示的遠處)，親臨卡特加特海峽(Kattegatt)。但各式橫在眼前的懸崖以及叢生的植被使我們一直無法接近標的。最後，我們只能退而求其次，停留在看得到且走得到的岸邊。

圖5: Hönö一隅 (photo by the author)

圖6: Hönö一隅 (photo by the author)

真正的亂流，出現在回程時: 我們忘記是怎麼走過來的了。正如我先前所說的，這裡的地景實在太過破碎，因此不存在所謂的直線距離。雖然我們知道大方向在哪，但是手持手機GPS帶隊的人，卻越走越偏，最後甚至決定要下切有點高度的裂隙、穿越一片陌生的樹林。作為一個曾經上山下海進行實察的地理人(?)，我的專業(?)直覺一直告訴我，我們一路都在犯錯。但我也沒有積極向大家說明我的看法，因為我認為9月中的溫度與日照長度，還不至於讓人陷入絕境。所以，我就眼睜睜地看著大家走進濕漉漉的林地裡。

所幸(?)，我們想進入的林地就跟法貢森林一樣難以穿越 (茂密程度是圖7的數倍)，而且GPS忽然失效，我們就決定回頭找一個高處觀察地形。終於，我們慢慢地修正方向，走出了迷宮。

圖7: Hönö一隅 (photo by the author)

或許是因為當下的心情使然，我很快就把這趟「驚魂記」與目前博班碰到的挑戰做連結，然後在IG上寫下這段文字: 「差點致命的地理實察，走錯一步就要花更大的力氣修正路線，還要跟日照時間賽跑，就跟人生一樣，覺得無奈。」

我覺得念博士班不見得是個錯誤，錯誤的是先前有一些事件沒有解決，或是先/後天形成的特質沒有修正。一路累積下來，造就了當前的困境，並使得博士班這項決定看起來變成了錯誤的一環。一直以來，我都知道這些癥結，但終究還是拖到了幽暗密林之前，才決定正視踏出改變的那一步。

所以，為何不找長租呢? 這尤其是某些德國沙發主的疑問…

因為找不到。作為一個經濟預算有限的男性非歐盟公民，在瘋狂競爭的德國租屋市場裡，需要極大的力氣與運氣來殺出一片天地。而百年大疫又讓這個情形更加複雜。當然，在這些客觀因素之外，也存在著一些主觀因素。譬如說，為了快速逃離父母、來到德國，我沒有做好長遠規劃，僅帶著A1-A2程度的德文就跑來。來到德國之後，被夾在研究與生活瑣事之間，再加上容易裹足不前的症頭沒解決 (對於瑞典生活的懷念算是這個心態的反應)，系統性地語言學習無法被執行。在語言限制的情形下，加上疫情的衝期，找房與打工的機會愈加侷限，(然後NGO通常又忙碌又沒資源，導致訪談很難約)，終於使得研究進度步入今日這步田地了。

每當我遇見新的沙發主，我就必須把我的困境從頭說一遍，每一次都是檢視自己的機會，同時也是接受他人論斷的場合。有些德國人在事後還會跟我道歉，因為他們覺得可能有點太過judgemental(某些德國人對於德語不佳的外國人，有強烈的「批判意識」XD)。不過我r某程度認同這樣的批評指教，因為他們指出了要在當地生活得相對舒服的可能條件之一 。但是，目前的狀況，已經不單只是語言的問題，而是整個人的問題了...

圖8: 脫困的路上 (photo by the author)

所以，現在的我，就是要控制自己不要進入森林，然後跨出豁然開朗的第一步。但，會不會，我其實已經在林子裡?

又或者說，我自己就是那片峭壁圍繞的樹林呢?

柏林蒂爾加滕(Tiergarten)

秋天的Tiergarten一隅 (photo by the author)

 

本文已先行發表於Matters

蒂爾加滕(Tiergarten)在柏林是相當知名的公園。其面積在德國是排名第三大的都市公園，再加上一些知名景點就在不遠處，諸如國會大廈、布蘭登堡門、歐洲被害猶太人紀念碑、勝利紀念柱、甚至是中央車站。因此，來到柏林的遊客，就算沒有直接踏進這裡，應該或多或少會瞥見在不遠處，有一個像是森林的地方。

勝利紀念柱 (photo by the author)

對於從小到大幾乎都活在水泥叢林的我，蒂爾加滕真的就跟森林一樣。或許就是具有森林般的隱蔽性，在幾乎沒有路燈的夜晚，某些角落成了次文化的聖地 (據說，在天氣好的夏天，某個桌球場三不五時會有gang bang在進行)。這樣多死角的環境，也為某些生活困難的移民或是難民，提供了販賣肉體的機會。但也因此，他們有時會淪為犯罪集團的受害者。

傳說中的桌球場 (photo by the author)

如果我們撇開陰暗面不談，蒂爾加滕是個讓人放鬆的好去處。

當我還沒搬來柏林時，作為一個過客，我總是待在某一個好朋友家，而他家離蒂爾加滕不算太遠。因此，我很常來這邊散步。我喜歡蒂爾加滕，並不是因為我覺得它的面貌有多讓人讚嘆; 我單純只是因為它是一個可以讓人忘記自己其實身處大都市的綠地，更別說，對於喜歡慢跑的我，它是一個絕佳的好所在。

因緣際會之下，今年4月我搬來了柏林，而我也實現了在蒂爾加滕跑步的夢想。就算是無法運動的天氣，我也會一如往常地來這邊走走。或許是因為接觸的時間大增，我有更多機會細細品嘗這裡。我漸漸地發現，蒂爾加滕其實是很漂亮的。

春天的Tiergarten一隅 (photo by the author)

最讓我驚豔的，是秋天的景色。隨著季節變換，各種顏色傾洩而出，將蒂爾加滕染得異常美麗。

秋天的Tiergarten一隅 (photo by the author)

秋天的Tiergarten一隅 (photo by the author)

秋天的Tiergarten一隅 (photo by the author)

當然，擁有如此風貌的公園，在歐洲唾手可得。所以我的驚艷之感，也許是出自於過去對於蒂爾加滕的低估，也或許是因為作為一個居民，在心態上與作為一個遊客有所不同。

蒂爾加滕(應該)是一個頗受遊客歡迎的地方，但它並未擁有特殊而遠近馳名的特色，也因此它的光芒容易被柏林其他魅力無窮的地標與地景蓋過。另外，遊客所擁有的時間，通常也無法允許他們長時間停留來品味這裡的靜謐。不過，遊客不做停留也不是壞事，畢竟這樣一來，跑步的路上不會有太多障礙物(笑)。

大概再過不久，又要搬離柏林到另一個城市、甚至是不同國家了。希望在那之前，我還能找到不同的角度，來觀看蒂爾加滕。

暴風雨前的柏林日常

本文亦上傳於Matters

去年九月中旬的時候，有一個朋友即將離開柏林，所以我決定趕在那之前跟他吃個飯，順道參加一個聲援難民的遊行。

我們約在同志聖地Nollendorfplatz附近的一間泰式餐廳。這是一間熱門的連鎖店，適逢周末，室內室外均人滿為患。一開始我們坐在室外靠近大門的位置，但由於那個點的人群密度有點高，再加上附近有客人不斷抽菸與咳嗽，我們只好退而求其次，移動到人潮相對較少的馬路旁。放眼望去，這一帶的酒吧與餐廳全部高朋滿座，在這個寒意漸濃但仍舊舒爽的秋夜，比肩繼踵的人們選擇忘卻蟄伏的病毒已然蠢蠢欲動的可能。

隔天，我參加了一場聲援難民的遊行。歐陸難民的處境一直以來都非常艱困，因此在第一波疫情期間，各式各樣的活動其實未曾停歇，不過當然這些行動都是在符合規範的情形下進行的。隨著夏日逐步解封，大型集會再度復活。儘管主辦單位不時停醒參與者保持距離，但要在這個據統計高達2萬人的遊行裡維持社交距離，說實在有點強人所難，幸好大多數的人員都有好好戴上口罩。畢竟相較於病毒懷疑論者，這裡的人群有著較高的抗疫意識。

遊行結束後，我從勝利紀念柱慢慢走向中央車站，打算在那找點簡單的東西吃，然後前往柏林燈光節 - 一個我在啟程前往柏林前才偶然在臉書上得知的活動。

由於燈光節有數十個點，所以我只拜訪幾個設置在知名景點的展出。整體而言，效果真的不錯。如潮水般的遊客不斷湧入、沉浸在絢麗的光影之中。從前那得以恣意三五成群的日常，就這樣在迷幻的黑夜中被短暫重現。

柏林之行的兩個半月後，德國從第一波疫情的防疫模範收殞落。根據德國之聲的報導，德國光12月一個月因covid-19而死亡的人數就幾乎占了總死亡案例的一半(截至2021/1/2為止); 而從12/29以來，已多次出現單日死亡人數破千例...

這場暴風雨終究會遠離，但是它所刻下的傷痛與痕跡，會需要多少時間來磨平呢?只怕有些我們習以為常的地景已經永遠被瘟疫改變，再也不會回來了...

遺憾的追尋與遠眺

Stockholm, 2017

本文同時發表於Matters

有一個大學學弟，前前後後在歐洲待了將近7年。最近他在臉書上寫到，與剛來到歐洲的時光相比，現在他旅行的目的地與當初有很大的不同。雖然我不清楚是甚麼造就了他所謂的不同，但就自己的經驗來說，我也有類似的轉變。

2010年，第一次踏上歐洲，是因為要在瑞典隆德大學攻讀碩士。而之所以想要出國念書，除了短暫逃離父母的控制外，不外乎就是已經被其他人也講到爛的希望能多看看這個世界。其實這個體驗世界的想法，在一開始的碩士日子裡，並沒有強烈到覺得一定得執行，因為瑞典的一切依然是那樣的新鮮，晚夏初秋的景色更是清新澄澈到讓人足以忘卻所有的煩惱。然而，北國冬日的昏暗無光有點超出我的預期，再加上一些個人與環境因素，使自己無心也無力去融入瑞典社會，導致後來我總是想放長假到其他地方，哪裡都好，就是不要留在瑞典。還記得當時最常做的一件事，就是到某座公園的小山丘上，遠眺連結瑞典與丹麥的Øresund大橋，想像自己在不久的將來，就能跨越海峽到瑞典以外的世界放逐。秉持著這樣的想法(偏見)，兩年的碩士時光，我鮮少在瑞典境內遊歷。一旦有機會進行較長時間的旅行，我總是跨越Øresund大橋，前往瑞典的南方。

畢業回到台灣一段時間後，我決定申請博班。諷刺的是，隆德以及其他瑞典的學校再度成為申請目標。我想這是因為，經過一些時日的沉澱與反省，我認為我當初的想法不夠成熟，導致我失去了不少踏出了解第一步的契機。所以我心想，若是能成功返回瑞典，不啻是給自己一個彌補過錯的機會。但由於我離開瑞典前，並未耕耘系上的人脈(這點對於瑞典博班的申請算是至關重要)，再加上一些成本與其他人為因素，德國法蘭克福成了博班的落腳處。

Frankfurt, 2017

德國可說是我在瑞典求學階段，最喜愛的國家之一，喜歡到我研究所同學都知道(而且會翻白眼XD)的地步。因此，得以在德國生活一段時間，我算是非常開心的。但正如同瑞典的冬日，德國生活也存在著超乎我預期的現實面。當然這些其實都是一些可以克服的瑣事，有些甚至只能說運氣不好，不能全然指向某種霸權的運作。但正所謂「沒有比較，沒有傷害」，這些德國生活初期碰到的亂流，讓我意識到瑞典的優點(儘管現在可能也不一樣了)以及往日時光是那樣的自在美好。至此，不成熟心態的基因再度作祟，所有在德國的不愉快 - 不論多麼微小 - 都是那樣地讓人難以釋懷。而瑞典則由於空間與時間上的距離，使徒留的遺憾幻化出一種無以名狀的美感。

就這樣，如此諷刺地，我現在所慾求的旅行方向是北方。但自2017年初定居德國以來，我僅僅回瑞典兩次，一次是主動拜訪研究所同學們，另一次則是被邀請參加朋友的博士口試。除了經濟成本的考量(北歐真的很貴!)，最主要還是因為我「理性地」深知，我即使回到了隆德，我也不能改變或是追尋回甚麼東西。另一方面，我依然「非理性地」想去相信，當年的美好是存在且可能以不同的形式復得的。這樣的拉扯，促成了某次衝動的跑去位於德國東北的Warnemünde，那是從德國搭巴士回北歐的兩條路線之一(另一個是經由Lübeck)，在那裏我可以隔著無垠的波羅的海來追尋瑞典的氣息，但(表面上)又不會受到真實無情的打擊。這有點類似精神分析(e.g. 拉岡)所說的，有些幻想或是慾望，只能從遠處端詳，才顯得真實有意義; 一旦靠得太近，就會發現那是片撐不起任何美夢的荒蕪頹圮之地。

Warnemünde, 2019

如今來到德國即將邁入第四個年頭，隨著現實生活壓力的進逼，其實這樣的矛盾情緒被拋在後頭的時間也越來越多。當然，也是因為自己意識到，當年的事物。錯過就是錯過了，它們已然無法以任何形式重現; 與那片土地的連結，只得以在未來重新創造。但這樣的想法，是不是其實換湯不換藥呢，畢竟我依然無法逃出「北漂」的窠臼? 也許我真正該做的，是將眼光與思緒，放在即將到來的任何遠方，而不是那被(去除-)遺憾所狹窄界定的北方吧。

無聲

在前往聲援難民的遊行集結地點的地鐵上，巧遇一位戴著寫有"Freiheit für Uyghur (freedom for Uyghur)"口罩的男子。

只能說，因為距離以及對地緣政治的想像，一些德國人真的只有辦法關心白俄羅斯、被下毒的俄國反對派領袖以及失火的Moria難民營。中亞與東亞的苦難對他們來說太過遙遠...

儘管如此，看到15000人大聲疾呼關閉居住條件險惡的難民營，還是覺得無比哀傷。

Büdingen (布丁根)

Büdingen 是位於德國Hessen邦的一個小鎮，有著美麗的中世紀城牆。但是這樣美麗的地方，卻在去年(2016)的地方選舉，讓極右派政黨NPD拿了約百分之10的選票。

前幾天，跟室友提到說我想去Alsfeld踏青，結果他說那是一個有著一些美麗房子與納粹的地方，而且在Hessen裡，它不是唯一一個這樣的地方。看來Büdingen也是他口中所說的"那些地方"。

很期待接下來的德國大選，這裡會讓AfD拿下多少選票….

also post here

Guide

I really hope that foreign students could have the same help from the "host countries." lol. However, this is also the point made by some locals to oppose or deny refugees' access to the resources needed upon arrival.

"Why privilege this minority group over underprivileged from the local?" or "Why can they enjoy the things given that they don't pay the taxes at all."'

I think these points might neatly speak volumes about why non-EEU students have had to pay tuition fee since 2011 if they would like to study in Sweden.

I was so lucky that I got enrolled in 2010. But it's possible that I already became the unwanted foreigner that undermine the foundation of welfare system, as those asylum seekers have done.

Chiang Kai-shek memorial hall: What are you thinking about, Taiwanese people?

Figure 1 

As could be seen in figure 1, there is a tube station called "Chiang Kai-she Memorial Hall." What is it? Well, it is one of Taipei's most famous tourist site noted for ...well, actually I have no clue regarding why people would like to come. Seriously, I don't think any single person with social conscious should go there for whatever the reason he or she harbors in mind. Why? Because this place is  built in honor of the dictator that had ravaged the island for decays. 

So why does Taiwan as an allegedly amazing example of newly democratized country in East Asia have such a thing that poses paradox here? The answer is very simple; because we don't deal with the dark side of the history soundly and comprehensively. Namely, we did not undergo the process of the so called "transitional justice." Of course the country has confessed that how hideously and brutally the wrongdoings had been conducted by the then official. Every year the president or some other politicians would attend one ceremony or another to memorize the 228 massacre. There are also a bunch of lawful measures and actions done by civil groups aimed for compensating the traumas and mars caused by the totalitarian regime. Researchers and activists have also engaged with putting together all the jigsaws to make historical landscapes clearer.

However, all these works only identify the events and the victims. Who had conducted the crimes were dismissed and forgotten. People supposedly know that Chiang's regime and the party he belonged to, Kuomintang (KMT), should be blamed for. But people seem to stay apathetic about  the transitional justice thing. Partly due to how economy had rocketed from 70s through 80s under KMT's office, partly due to the democratization was hatched on the basis of KMT's compromise (well partly), anyway, the works of transitional justice has staggered over twenty something years. In addition, the lack of lustration law makes the political landscapes; KMT can take the office again by democratic election, and its politicians, who had played important part during totalitarian era, still occupied the top these days. 

Figure 2

Under this situation, it is not surprising to see this mammoth standing in the city, nor is to see the exhibition that displays creepy nostalgia as figure  2 shows. (In figure 2, the Chinese name of the exhibition hall does not get translated. It literally means "the exhibition halls 'items of the forever-recalled leader'") It would less so when you get to know that the island is actually like a macro Chiang Kai-she Memorial Hall; There are a myriad of roads/streets as well as schools across all over the  whole island are named after Chiang's another name "Zhongzheng." 

Well, all these facts and landscapes do not imply that Taiwanese people would like to go back to totalitarian rule. Some people are merely apolitical and not sensitive of the totalitarian roots. Or, they just do not associate those things with the legacy that connotes to the Holocaust. So, Nazi salute can be seen on and off, the chants related to Ustase movement were echoed in Croatia, and Stalin statue is still enshrined in Georgia. 

To look on the bright side, you might say, Chiang Kai-she Memorial Hall has become is now attracting tourists and making money for the country. The spacious plaza ahead of the hall is used not only tourists but also dancers, students, social movement activists, and so forth. In other words, the landscapes or the legacies have been translated into the things that carry different meanings. Therefore, collections of buildings dating back to communist era are still being used in Central and Eastern Europe. Nevertheless, you are not going to see any single road named after Hitler or Goebbles. You won't see a monument build in honor of Nicolae Ceausescu either (am I right about this...?).

I believe that there must be a number of people who did have good days during the totalitarian era and therefore have got good reasons to have nostalgia. To put it differently, justice is contested, multifaceted, and constructed. Human right, democracy, justice, whatsoever, can be called into question as with the authoritarian rule. So, if we take the concept "transitional justice" extremely further, we have to tear down our president palace and other Japanese-style buildings because they concisely point to the colonialism. And we have to displace at least ten million Taiwanese people because they reside in the places where aborigines had thrived and prospered long long time ago. 

So, how should we perceive and deal with Chiang Kai-she Memorial Hall provided that the concept "justice" is so controversial? Well, since many parts of the world see "justice" as something metaphysical and should be abode by, we can simply preserve this place. Keep Chiang Kai-she Memorial Hall and Chiang Kai-she Memorial Hall tube station, and exhibit how humorous it is that so many Taiwanese like to claim how liberal, democratic, civilized, and accommodating they are.

Who should define sustainable city?

Who should define sustainable city?

Preface

This article is a very brief excerpt from my master's thesis. Actually, I was going to send this piece of work to a research center based in Copenhagen in order to apply for an internship. Due to some reasons, I had to give up and therefore this article would not be able to be showed on their website. Now I would love to post it on my own blog and share with the people who also have the interests in sustainability issue as well as Stuttgart 21. This article only delivered what had been going on until this February. I would love to hear from any update and different perspectives. 

Stuttgart, the capital of state Baden-Württemberg located in Southwestern Germany, is home to many automobile industries such as Mercedes and Porsche. It is not only the cluster of high technology but also one of the strongest and most prosperous commercial metropolitan areas in Germany. Now, there have been many controversies over the rail project Stuttgart 21.

Stuttgart 21 is one part of the Stuttgart-Ulm rail project and its mission is to reconstruct and transformed present station, which is a terminal station on the ground, into an underground, through station. One of the guidelines of this project is sustainable development based on the definition by the Brundtlandt Commission in 19871. With Stuttgart 21, rail will become a more attractive and convenient way of traveling / commuting, and therefore it will reshape the traffic landscape by shifting passengers from road to rail. This shift will subsequently reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emission by 70, 000 tonnes per year2. In addition, due to the tunnelization, the noise pollution will sink underground creating a quiet place for living and working3. The clout of sustainable guideline can also be achieved in the developmental planning upon the new-born land with around 100 hectares in consequence of the tunnelization4. Firstly, the history of urban expansion in expense of green land will not be repeated. Secondly, the around 20 hectares among the enlarging land – with 4,200 of new plants to be planted – will be integrated into the present park, which means the green lung of Stuttgart city will become larger5. Thirdly, future’s building upon the new land will be built based on ecological standard referring to sustainable material and non-fossil fuel6.

The opponents of this project, however, have very different views of point. For instance, as some of the local people point out, the promises of Stuttgart 21 regarding are not guaranteed since the charming figures are calculated based on the wrong information7. In addition, there are some latent risks emerging if Stuttgart 21 is going to progress. For example, the station construction will impact the layers that keep the deposit of mineral water, and thus creating a risk of leaking and drying up8. The geology is also the concern. Beneath Stuttgart city lies the porous layer of anhydrite; when being contact with water, it becomes gypsum while simultaneously swelling9. The expanding and swelling layer indicates to the possibility of damage to the station, tunnel, and everything else above. Moreover, the explicit damage could be seen in Schlossgarten, the park next to train station. Owing to Stuttgart 21, nearly 300 trees have to be felled, and this means the species – protected Juchtenkäfer (hermit beetle in English) among them – which rely on these plants are to be fallen as well10. The action of planting 4,200 new trees is not going to save Juchtenkäfer since only elder and bigger ones can serve as the niche for this insect11. Moreover, the new land is going to be riddled with buildings and grassy areas and thus leaves no room for the claimed 4,200 population. And, those will-be-absent trees will subsequently make the air condition notorious since an estimated 65,000 trees are needed for absorbing CO212.

On 27th November 2011, there was a referendum taken place aimed to settle down the dispute. The outcome was that 58% of the voters wanted it to be continued13. However, this direct democracy was not able to put off the flares in opponents’ angry minds since there were controversies over information transparency. In addition, the common ground was kept up in the air when no constructive mechanism was offered for different sides. In the end, given the democratic values, the undesired risk followed by fear is still there.

Therefore, the case of Stuttgart 21 only shows that what sustainability looks like could be different from person to person. It prompts today’s society to ruminate on how we can pay attention and respect diverse voices in order to reach sustainable city. Scientific expert and institutional policy are indeed important. However, if we could not include diverse values and knowledge, the city would lose its soul. After all, sustainable city is the place where local people are going to live, the field where local knowledge knows how to interact with the environment harmoniously and sustainably.

Notes

1 “Construction and the environment: Urban and environmentally compatible construction,” Stuttgart-Ulm rail project, http://www.bahnprojekt-stuttgart-ulm.de/en-gb/environmentally-compatible-mobility/default.aspx

2 ”21 good reasons: for Stuttgart 21,” Stuttgart-Ulm rail project, http://www.das-neue-herz-europas.de/en-gb/21-good-reasons/default.aspx

3 ”21 good reasons: for Stuttgart 21,” Stuttgart-Ulm rail project, http://www.das-neue-herz-europas.de/en-gb/21-good-reasons/default.aspx

4 ”21 good reasons: for Stuttgart 21,” Stuttgart-Ulm rail project, http://www.das-neue-herz-europas.de/en-gb/21-good-reasons/default.aspx


5 ”21 good reasons: for Stuttgart 21,” Stuttgart-Ulm rail project, http://www.das-neue-herz-europas.de/en-gb/21-good-reasons/default.aspx

6 ”21 good reasons: for Stuttgart 21,” Stuttgart-Ulm rail project, http://www.das-neue-herz-europas.de/en-gb/21-good-reasons/default.aspx

7 “Service capability,” Stuttgart – a city in conflict, http://www.stop-stuttgart21.info/html/service.html

8“Ökologisch & nachhaltig,” Ja zum Kopfbahnhof: Kopfbahnhof 21, http://www.kopfbahnhof-21.de/index.php?id=307

9”mineral springs and geology,” Stuttgart – a city in conflict, http://www.stop-stuttgart21.info/html/mineral.html

10”the park "Schlossgarten" and ecological concerns,” Stuttgart – a city in conflict , http://www.stop-stuttgart21.info/html/park.html

11 ”the park "Schlossgarten" and ecological concerns,” Stuttgart – a city in conflict , http://www.stop-stuttgart21.info/html/park.html

12 ”the park "Schlossgarten" and ecological concerns,” Stuttgart – a city in conflict , http://www.stop-stuttgart21.info/html/park.html

13 “The Referendum,” Stuttgart – a city in conflict, http://www.stop-stuttgart21.info/html/referendum2.html